101–200
The second century (101–200) witnessed the consolidation of the apostolic tradition, the rise of apologists and bishops, and continued persecution. Figures such as Ignatius of Antioch and Polycarp linked the Church to the apostles. The canon of Scripture and the rule of faith took clearer form.
Where the Church is, there is the Spirit; where the Spirit is, there is the Church.
Highlights of the Era
Martyrdom of Ignatius and Polycarp, the apologetic writings of Justin and others, the development of the liturgical calendar, and the Church's expansion across the Mediterranean.
Section Highlights
Worship. The structure of the liturgy and the celebration of Pascha became more defined. Baptism and Eucharist remained central.
Saints. Martyrs like Polycarp and Perpetua were commemorated; their acts were read in worship.
Mission. Christianity spread into Gaul, North Africa, and beyond. Bishops oversaw growing communities.
Challenges. Gnosticism and Marcionism prompted the Church to clarify the canon and the rule of faith.
Legacy. The second century secured the apostolic tradition in Scripture and episcopal succession. See saints and sources and method.
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